the concept of public order in private international law and its place in international commercial arbitration

public order has a long history and a great role in private law andinternational commercial arbitration; as much as can be said: public order isone of the most important limitations of party autonomy (contractualfreedom) in private law and international commercial arbitration.however, legal experts disagree about the meaning of this term. some oflawyers and jurists have made great efforts to define this term. but some ofthem have believed that it is indefinable.in this paper, after reviewing the history of public order, the concept ofpublic order in private international law, public order's types and its positionor place in international commercial arbitration has been scrutinized.